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type 2 diabetes.
Context
Emerging epidemiological evidence suggests that higher coffee consumption
may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Objective
To examine the association between habitual coffee consumption and risk
of type 2 diabetes and related outcomes.
of type 2 diabetes and related outcomes.
Data Sources and Study Selection
We searched MEDLINE through January 2005
and examined the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Because this review focuses
on studies of habitual coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, we excluded
studies of type 1 diabetes, animal studies, and studies of short-term exposure to coffee
or caffeine, leaving 15 epidemiological studies (cohort or cross-sectional).
and examined the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Because this review focuses
on studies of habitual coffee consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, we excluded
studies of type 1 diabetes, animal studies, and studies of short-term exposure to coffee
or caffeine, leaving 15 epidemiological studies (cohort or cross-sectional).
Data Extraction
Information on study design, participant characteristics, measurement
of coffee consumption and outcomes, adjustment for potential confounders, and
estimates of associations was abstracted independently by 2 investigators.
of coffee consumption and outcomes, adjustment for potential confounders, and
estimates of associations was abstracted independently by 2 investigators.
Data Synthesis
We identified 9 cohort studies of coffee consumption and risk of
type 2 diabetes, including 193 473 participants and 8394 incident cases of type 2 diabetes,
and calculated summary relative risks (RRs) using a random-effects model. The
RR of type 2 diabetes was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.78) for the highest
(6 or 7 cups per day) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62-0.83) for the second highest
(4-6 cups per day) category of coffee consumption compared with the lowest consumption
category (0 or 2 cups per day). These associations did not differ substantially
by sex, obesity, or region (United States and Europe). In the cross-sectional studies
conducted in northern Europe, southern Europe, and Japan, higher coffee consumption
was consistently associated with a lower prevalence of newly detected hyperglycemia,
particularly postprandial hyperglycemia.
type 2 diabetes, including 193 473 participants and 8394 incident cases of type 2 diabetes,
and calculated summary relative risks (RRs) using a random-effects model. The
RR of type 2 diabetes was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.78) for the highest
(6 or 7 cups per day) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62-0.83) for the second highest
(4-6 cups per day) category of coffee consumption compared with the lowest consumption
category (0 or 2 cups per day). These associations did not differ substantially
by sex, obesity, or region (United States and Europe). In the cross-sectional studies
conducted in northern Europe, southern Europe, and Japan, higher coffee consumption
was consistently associated with a lower prevalence of newly detected hyperglycemia,
particularly postprandial hyperglycemia.
Conclusions
This systematic review supports the hypothesis that habitual coffee consumption
is associated with a substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Longer-term
intervention studies of coffee consumption and glucose metabolism are warranted to
examine the mechanisms underlying the relationship between coffee consumption and
is associated with a substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Longer-term
intervention studies of coffee consumption and glucose metabolism are warranted to
examine the mechanisms underlying the relationship between coffee consumption and
type 2 diabetes.
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